Back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints, affecting people of all ages. It can be acute, lasting a few days to weeks, or chronic, persisting for more than three months. The causes of back pain vary, ranging from muscle strain, ligament sprain, and disc herniation to degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis and spinal stenosis. Poor posture, prolonged sitting, lack of exercise, obesity, and heavy lifting contribute to back pain. In severe cases, conditions like infections, fractures, and tumors must be ruled out. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and can include rest, physiotherapy, medications, lifestyle modifications, and, in some cases, surgical intervention. Preventive measures such as maintaining a healthy weight, strengthening core muscles, and practicing good ergonomics can significantly reduce the risk of back pain.

Causes

• Mechanical Causes – Muscle strain, ligament sprain, disc herniation, spinal stenosis.
• Degenerative Conditions – Osteoarthritis, spondylosis, osteoporosis.
• Postural Issues – Poor sitting posture, prolonged standing, sedentary lifestyle.
• Trauma/Injury – Accidents, fractures, spinal injuries.
• Other Causes – Infections (TB spine, osteomyelitis), tumors, inflammatory diseases (ankylosing spondylitis).

Symptoms

• Dull, aching, or sharp pain in the lower, mid, or upper back.
• Stiffness, reduced flexibility, difficulty in movement.
• Radiating pain to the legs (sciatica) in nerve-related issues.
• Numbness, tingling, or weakness in severe cases.
• Pain worsening with activity or prolonged sitting.